Mosquito-borne diseases are becoming an increasingly serious health issue in Maryland, with cases on the rise in recent years. These illnesses, transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes, pose a significant threat to public health. The most prevalent mosquito-borne diseases in Maryland include West Nile virus, Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), and La Crosse encephalitis.
West Nile Virus
West Nile virus is the most common mosquito-borne disease in Maryland. Symptoms can range from mild to severe:
- Mild symptoms: fever, headache, body aches, nausea, and vomiting1.
- Severe cases: high fever, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, and paralysis1.
In rare instances, West Nile virus can be fatal, with about 1 in 150 infected people developing serious and sometimes fatal complications (CDC).
Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
EEE is a rare but severe mosquito-borne disease that can cause encephalitis and death. Symptoms include:
- Fever, headache, vomiting, and seizures
- Confusion, focal neurologic deficits, and coma in severe cases (CDC)
EEE has a high mortality rate, with approximately 30% of patients who develop severe disease succumbing to the illness.
La Crosse Encephalitis
La Crosse encephalitis primarily affects children and can cause encephalitis and other neurological problems. Symptoms include:
- Fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue
- In severe cases, seizures, coma, and long-term neurological damage (CDC)
Climate Change and Mosquito-Borne Diseases
The incidence of mosquito-borne diseases is expected to increase in Maryland due to climate change. Rising temperatures allow mosquitoes to survive and reproduce in more areas, extending their range and the duration of the mosquito season. This trend underscores the importance of taking proactive measures to protect against mosquito bites.
Protecting Yourself from Mosquito Bites
To reduce your risk of contracting mosquito-borne diseases, consider the following preventive measures:
- Wear long sleeves and pants when outdoors
- Use EPA-approved insect repellents containing DEET, picaridin, or IR3535
- Empty standing water around your home, such as in bird baths and flower pots
- Install and maintain screens on windows and doors
- Avoid outdoor activities during peak mosquito hours (dusk and dawn)
Maryland’s Mosquito Control Efforts
The Maryland Department of Agriculture’s Mosquito Control Section plays a crucial role in managing mosquito populations and preventing disease outbreaks. Their efforts include:
- Routine and unscheduled mosquito control spraying
- Surveillance and monitoring of mosquito populations
- Public education on mosquito prevention
While mosquito-borne diseases pose a serious threat in Maryland, they can be prevented through proactive measures. By staying informed and taking steps to protect yourself from mosquito bites, you can significantly reduce your risk of infection. As climate change continues to impact mosquito populations, it’s more important than ever to remain vigilant and prioritize mosquito control efforts.
For more information on mosquito control in Maryland, visit the Maryland Department of Agriculture’s Mosquito Control page. To learn about the latest research on mosquito-borne diseases in Maryland, check out the University of Maryland Eastern Shore’s mosquito research program.